Inspired by the ideal of the Renaissance city, Pope Sixtus V's ambitious urban reform programme transformed the old environment to emulate the "long straight streets, wide regular spaces, uniformity and repetitiveness of structures, lavish use of commemorative and ornamental elements, and maximum visibility from both linear and circular perspective. Within his church, which once had to recall him from duties in Venice as an Inquisitor because he was too severe, Sixtus is best remembered for his reform of the Curia, the Vatican bureaucracy. During the short reign of Sixtus V (1585-1590), Rome underwent a significant transformation. In 1590 Italian Architect Domenico . Several important streets were straightened to assert organization and building height restrictions were instituted to maintain the physical dominance of the churches in the landscape. Not until 1588 did Pope Sixtus V declare all abortion murder, with excommunication as the punishment. Important in the Baroque replanning design was connecting a network of new churches expanding development to the east within the Aurelian walls, image 1 from Edmund Bacons Design of Cities. This established a framework for future development that is visible in Rome today. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. He became an arrogant and imperious man, related to the devil, some claimed. The main works were the creation of new streets, the seven churches of Rome and the Palaces were for the 1st time connected through new streets, the design of squares in front of important buildings like de Quirinal Palace, something new at that time, and the built of four obelisks as focal points in squares to catch the eye at the end of axes in front of the Basilica de San Prieto, in front of the church Sta Maria Maggiori and San Giovanni in Laterano, and in the Piazza del Popolo. 2001. In part, the building craze was driven by his desire to reassert the power of the Pope and the majesty of Rome as symbols of church strength in face of the threat of the Reformationists. If landowners had not purchased property along major axes, at times fake facades would have been constructed to continue the consistency of the streets reading as figural voids. During his time in exile, before ascending to the papacy, Pope Sixtus V began planning out his vision for Rome. Until Sixtus V, canon lawyers had applied the code from Gratian whereby excommunications were only given to abortions after the quickening. He's the guy who reerected the four major obelisks in Rome, and conspiracy . Classical Rome was a collection of monumental architectural structures that did not consider spatial relationships or circulation issues. His financial policies, which were intended to strengthen the churchs reserves, included the sale of offices, the creation of new monti (loans), the imposition of new taxes, and the regulation of prices. The measure ultimately failed.[23]. He had three years earlier already been ordained as a deacon. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order, where he displayed talents as a scholar and preacher, and enjoyed the patronage of Pius V, who made him a cardinal.As a cardinal, he was known as Cardinal Montalto.. As Pope, he energetically rooted out corruption . The origin of this obelisk is unclear. The urban form of modern Rome exhibits visible layers from centuries of change making it difficult to understand completely. Making his plan at the time of Romes ascendance as the capital of Christianity Sixtus V based his plan on the pattern of movement between the citys seven churches. 24 pages. Its interesting to notice that viewed from the St. Peters Square these obelisks would be aligned with the Winter Solstice Sun! While there was broad agreement among them that life was present at conception and that it could only become a human being, the thinking was that this did not necessarily mean God had infused the rational, immortal soul into the body at conception. Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History.New York : Harry N. Abrams. Four centuries later, Sixtus stamp on Rome is still clear. 3. He died on August 27, 1590. Major new figural voided radial axes (yellow lines on image 1) were carved out of the existing context of the city to highlight the development of the new Christian organization of the city within the Classical Roman walls. Its the only obelisk without hieroglyphs. He desired to stop the spread of Protestantism, especially in France, which was being torn by the complex civil Wars of Religion (156298) between the Huguenots and the Roman Catholics. This is because St. Peters Square lies exactly in line with Circus Maximus and the Winter Solstice Sun. The obelisk at the rear facade came from the Mausoleum of Augustus, installed there by Pope Sixtus V. 2. [8], Next Sixtus set to work to repair the finances. Rebuilding rome. Antonio Tempesta (Italian printmaker, 1555-1630); Pope Sixtus V (Italian , 1521-1590) Agent Display. [5], In 1588, he established the 15 congregations by his constitution Immensa Aeterni Dei. Felice Piergentile was born on 13 December 1521 at Grottammare, in the Papal States,[2][3] to Francesco Piergentile (also known as Peretto di Montalto, from the city of origin Montalto delle Marche), and Mariana da Frontillo. In Rome, there are a total of 8 Egyptian and 5 Roman obelisks. ed. The Papal States had been financially drained to satisfy the multifarious needs of the Counter-Reformation, and lawlessness, particularly banditry, was widespread. As Pope, Sixtus planned to turn the Colosseum into a silk weaving factory - a plan that never came to pass. houses, markets streets, amphitheaters, defense wall, aqueducts. This obelisk, also called memorial needle or Obelisco Piazza San Pietro Citt del Vaticano, was placed on the square around 1586 by order of Pope Sixtus V and has an eventful history. The obelisk at Piazza di Giovanni, for instance, was adorned with both a four and eight-pointed cross by Pope Sixtus V. It was also a reference to this coat of arms! Sixtus V's plan of Rome aimed at systematizing such movement within the city of Rome, headquarters of the Catholic Church. The Pope Who Loved Me: Sixtus V and Elizabeth October 7, 2016. Using the entire city, Pope Sixtus V overlaid an organizational structure for circulation routes that connected major spaces and structures by means of an element that would literally establish points in space that would be difficult to be taken away (Bacon 1967:131). The other obelisk that previously aligned to the Winter Solstice Sun was now deliberately misaligned. Newton , Norman T. 1971. 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 4 views. Numerous pilgrims returning to Rome from the Holy Land, brought back precious fragments of the Holy Crib (cunambulum), which are now kept in the golden Confessional shrine. The eastern most axis jogs from the Spanish Steps to Quirinale hill with a series of smaller churches including San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and SantAndrea. It was he who finished the dome of St. Peters, construction of the Vatican and of the Vatican Library, and reconstruction of the Lateran Palace. Omissions? His accomplishments as pope included the construction of the Sistine Chapel and the creation of the Vatican Library. Pope. . On the positive side, he was open to large ideas and threw himself into his undertakings with energy and determination; this often led to success. You should let it, The timeless creativity of De La Soul, now (finally) available for the streaming generation. Circus Maximus was a Roman hippodrome used for chariot racing. He entered the Franciscan order in 1533 and was ordained at Siena in 1547. The coat of arms of Sixtus was sometimes also depicted with three instead of four hills. As the city expanded and was defined as the center of the Christian world, a new urban organization was designed in the sixteenth century. (LogOut/ He sought to use circulation routes as the basis for an organizational structure for the city, by connecting the monumental structures of Classical Rome, which had been built without consideration of spatial relationships and circulation. Anticipation builds scaling the hills of the city to reach the next focal point. The Baroque replanning of Rome was incredible successful almost 450 years ago and still clearly defines the context of the contemporary city today. The idea of relocating several existing obelisks to key locations helped to direct the development of circulation paths between them in straight avenues that converge on the obelisks but also influenced the space that surrounded each one and along the connecting paths (see map 1). Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Did my undergrad thesis on him. . And clergy and nuns were executed if they broke their vows of chastity. Defining and carving these axes through a city was quite powerful and monumental. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Review: Michael B. Jordan is the one to fly now with Creed III, Unlike Andor, Mandalorian is going all in on Star Wars lore. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ). Cardinal Montalto, an exiled religious leader, had developed ideas for reorganizing Rome before he became Pope Sixtus V. He wanted to reinvigorate the city and create a place suitable to be the center of the Christian world. Low-profile art world family seeks personal assistant, NBCs Chicago series have strong showings but CBS wins weekly TV ratings race, Hunger Games star Jena Malone says someone I had worked with sexually assaulted her, The chance of a lifetime: Five friends ski the tallest mountain in Los Angeles, Shocking, impossible gas bills push restaurants to the brink of closures, Review: A reimagined Secret Garden fails to flower anew at the Ahmanson Theatre, A $150,000 executive protection dog? Sixtus was 68 when he died of a fever brought on by Malaria. His official listed birth date is December 13, 1521. By a bull of 1586 he defined the Sacred College of Cardinals, setting the number of cardinals at no more than 70, a limit that was not exceeded until the pontificate of John XXIII (195863). Sixtus V created 33 cardinals in eight consistories during his reign, which included his grandnephew Alessandro Peretti di Montalto and his future successor Ippolito Aldobrandini who would later become Pope Clement VIII. . Pope SIXTUS V's plan envisaged a . Pope Sixtus V placed the four fountains here to recognize the significance of the cross axial connection toPorta Pia. The crosses are recognized as follows: The esoteric significance of the Summer Solstice alignment of St. Peters Square obelisk with the obelisk at the Piazza del Popolo is that it symbolizes a Summer Solstice Galactic Alignment. SIXTUS V (POPE) (b. While both obelisks in Circus Maximus originally aligned to the Winter Solstice, Pope Sixtus V deliberately altered these alignments and made sure that one of the obelisks now aligned with the Summer Solstice Sun. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order, where he displayed talents as a scholar and preacher, and enjoyed the patronage of Pius V, who made him a cardinal. Sixtus V introduced a new way of thinking about the city by articulating circulation as organizational structure. Contents He said it was not manipulation of mass but as articulation of experience along an axis of movement through space (Bacon 167: 123). 2. Head of the Catholic Church from 1585 to 1590, Sixtus V depicted in an anonymous 17th century painting, exhibited in the, Name and date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding, "Termini" was the name given to that district, derived in turn from the ruins of the immense, An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland, "Sixtus V. S.A. Since the sky chart over St. Peters Square with the Pleiades residing over the Seven Hills symbolizes the Silver Gate, we postulate that the Vatican alignments represent a Summer Solstice Galactic Alignment at the Silver Gate. In 1588, Sixtus V published the bull Immensa Aeterni Dei which reorganised the Roman Curia into departments. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. The imperious pope Sixtus V had five of them raised--a job so hard that Michelangelo had refused to undertake it. http://courses.umass.edu/latour/Italy/2005/CONE/index.html, Leonard da Vinci / Plan of Imola,1433-1445. Campanile The campanile rises behind the front facade on the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore. Pope Sixtus V, Plan for Rome, Italy, c. 1590 Nicholas Hawksmoor Louvre Palace Annibale Carracci Banqueting House Jean Honore Fragonard St Ignatius Rembrandt Van Rijn Cities Study Better More information . Pope Sixtus IV ( Italian: Sisto IV: 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 to his death in August 1484. Corrections? Perspective was also exaggerated on streets such as Via del Corso (image 3), which has a similar building heights, proportion of buildings and datum of windows reading the majority of the street. These developments were often located on or near the peaks such as Quirinale, Pincio and Esquiline hills. Penguin Books. Want to create or adapt books like this? Sixtus V, original name Felice Peretti, (born December 13, 1520, Grottammare, Ancona, Papal States [Italy]died August 27, 1590, Rome), pope from 1585 to 1590, who reformed the Roman Curia. V . Instead, Sixtus had chosen to relocate one of the obelisks of Circus Maximus to the Piazza del Popolo. As ruler of the Papal States in central Italy, Sixtus inherited a capital of 100,000 that was broke and lawless, its Renaissance facade stained by a concatenation of seedy alleys brimming with decay and disease, prostitutes and cutpurses. The first phase (15761580) of building was enlarged after Peretti became pope and was able to clear buildings to open four new streets in 158586. In his larger political relations, Sixtus entertained fantastic ambitions, such as the annihilation of the Turks, the conquest of Egypt, the transport of the Holy Sepulchre to Italy, and the accession of his nephew to the throne of France. Although homicide had always required this penalty, contraception had not. This accessible volume provides useful introductions to each pontiff from St Peter to Benedict XVI, including an entry on Sixtus IV at pp. 2d rev. The redevelopment efforts were completed over many years. CHAPTER VI. He is the most recent pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Sixtus". Most of the work that is visible today in Rome that was a direct result of this vision was constructed after his death in 1590. Its beyond any doubt that Sixtus V was well aware of these alignments since he designed St. Peters Square to be a giant sun dial. He would simply transfer the entire Holy Sepulchre of Christ from Jerusalem to Rome! As Rome grew the city was confronted with problems. Sixtus V, original name Felice Peretti, (born December 13, 1520, Grottammare, Ancona, Papal States [Italy]died August 27, 1590, Rome), pope from 1585 to 1590, who reformed the Roman Curia. The famous master plan of Pope Sixtus V and his architect Domenico Fontana for Rome. He was also a noted theological writer and teacher who gave lectures at universities in Siena, Pavia, Padua, Florence and Bologna. On the negative side, he could be impulsive, obstinate, severe, and autocratic. Santa Maria Piazza del Popolo (coat of arms of Pope Sixtus V), eight-pointed cross over the four mountains. A major exhibition in the Piazza Venezia documents his life and times, and a new museum at the Lateran Palace displays his apartment and memorabilia from the days when the Pope was a temporal as well as a religious leader. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Uploaded by rewewrwerwe. His contributions were the increase of cardinals from 24 to 70 in 1586,. Subsequent development has responded to the value of Sixtus Vs connections. He located four obelisks across the city as landmarks in order to establish visual connections and orientate movement between them (Cone, ud). Pope Sixtus IV was the 212th Pope, whose 13 years long papacy was embroiled in controversies and internal wars. The project was abandoned upon his death. The top of the obelisk is decorated with the mountains and the star of the Pope. The denser existing context allowed for shorter axes, and not as connected as the eastern sets of axes. Though the urban reorganization finished primarily during Sixtus Vs reign, there were many other papal figures leading the culmination of these efforts. Immense sums were spent upon public works,[5] in carrying through the comprehensive planning that had come to fruition during his retirement, bringing water to the waterless hills in the Acqua Felice, feeding twenty-seven new fountains; laying out new arteries in Rome, which connected the great basilicas, even setting his engineer-architect Domenico Fontana to replan the Colosseum as a silk-spinning factory housing its workers. His plan was designed to center all movement on the Seven Major Pilgrimage Churches by straight streets connecting those religious foci of the city. Legend had it that the original metal globe that was placed at the top held the ashes of Julius Caesar. He also became, at age 65, one of historys most dynamic Popes. One of the things that commended his candidacy to certain cardinals may have been his physical vigour, which seemed to promise a long pontificate. [14], The edition was preceded by the Bull Aeternus ille, in which the Pope declared the authenticity of the new Bible. Exploring Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, Baroque Replanning of Rome Plan Edmund Bacon, Design of Cities is licensed under a, Aerial View of Rome is licensed under a, View from Piazza del Popolo looking South on Via del Corso Aimee Moore is licensed under a. This obelisk was moved by Pope Sixtus V from Circus Maximus to Piazza di San Giovanni (Laterno) next to the Basilica of San Giovanni. He sought to connect and harmonise the movement of the pilgrims in the citys then undefined landscape. Baroque Rome and Sixtus V. As SixtusV cast his eye over the city of Rome after his election as Pope in 1585, he considered how he could make the sprawling, disorderly city into a fitting capital of Christendom. The white arrows show the displacements of the obelisks from Circus Maximus by Pope Sixtus V. Read more: Part III | Washington | Paris > Vatican | Pope Sixtus V | Fountains | Christmass tale | True cross, Copyright 2008 Aaron Parlier All rights reserved. This discretion contributed not a little to his election to the papacy on 24 April 1585, with the title of Sixtus V to honor Pope Sixtus IV, also a Franciscan like himself. Consequently, the spatial organization, monumental inscriptions and restorations throughout the city reinforced the control, surveillance, and authority that alluded to the power of Pope SixtusV.[11] Good progress was made, with more than 9,500 acres (38km2) reclaimed and opened to agriculture and manufacture. The NOLLI MAP of 1748 shows how the axes are carved and cut through the existing mostly private (shaded) context in this select portion of the map near the northern edge of the city. The new location influenced the redesign of the front elevation of the basilica to address the symmetrical placement of the obelisk (see photo 1). Now, here come modern Romans to honor the builder Pope with a remarkable two-part thank you. [5] It was claimed[7] that there were more heads on spikes across the Ponte Sant'Angelo than melons for sale in the marketplace. He ordered that anyone caught stealing or carrying a weapon would be hung. Rome significantly shrunk in size during the Middle Ages from its ancient classical stature. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sixtus-V, Saint Epiphanius on the Physiologus - Pope Sixtus V. Change). He issued a papal bull officially classifying abortion, regardless of the stage of fetal development, as homicide. [5], Sixtus agreed to renew the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada of Philip II, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing until the expedition actually landed in England. Perhaps more astonishing is the fact that most of the work that came as a reaction to his intervention was built after his death in 1590 Share this: Twitter Facebook Loading. 15. Theres a flag of the Papal Dragoons, the shield of the Pontifical Artillery and a model of the 19th-Century papal gunboat Immaculate Conception.. For 10 centuries, until 1303, Popes lived in the hilltop Lateran Palace next to the cathedral that is now the headquarters church of the Church in Rome. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order, where he displayed talents as a scholar and preacher, and enjoyed the patronage of Pius V, who made him a cardinal. Additional Notes. This alignment occurs right now in era 2012! document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Rome has a long and complex history that extends thousands of years and through many cultural changes involving numerous political and religious leaders. Bacon attributed the emergence of the spatial thinking required for the realization of the plan envisioned by Pope Sixtus V to the development of perspective drawing in the first half of the fifteenth century. [5], The subsequent administrative system of the Catholic Church owed much to Sixtus. Sixtus extended the penalty of excommunication relating to the Roman Catholic Church's teaching on contraception and abortion. As explained before, in ancient Egypt and freemasonry mountains, pillars and clouds all represent the Milky Way. The papacy of Sixtus began on April 4, 1585. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This is the result of the design intelligence by many designers following Pope Sixtus V initial vision, however, it was theplacement of the obelisk in this precise location that provided the inspiration for redesign and construction of the church, piazza, colonnade and the elements within that make it what it is today. The villa contained two residences, the Palazzo Sistino or "Palazzo di Termini"[6] and the casino, called the Palazzetto Montalto e Felice. He entered the Franciscan order in 1533 and was ordained at Siena in 1547. However, it was Sixtus V who developed a unified vision for Rome instead of uncoordinated single actions. In addition, the Papacy applied a tax to pay for the urban reorganization and new religious buildings. The exhibition Rome of Sixtus V at the Palazzo Venezia (through April 30) is subtitled Art, Architecture and the City Between Renaissance and Baroque, and its contents hew alluringly to their theme. Pope Sixtus V (December 13, 1521 - August 27, 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was the bishop of Rome from 24 April 1585 to his death. Pope Sixtus was a leading . Pope Sixtus V In Rome, there are a total of 8 Egyptian and 5 Roman obelisks. Sixtus IV had several illegitimate children while taxing priests who had mistresses During his thirteen year reign (1471-1484) Sixtus IV developed a reputation for nepotism and involvement in conspiracies. The limited, wall-girded, starshaped, and static side-by-side concept of Renaissance urban space was superseded by a dynamic movement system. (LogOut/ Pope Sixtus V plan of Rome An axis has a Terminus, or a focal point The baroque is about the heightened drama _ Twin Churches dedicated to St. Mary designed by Carlo Rainaldi and begun in 1679. As pope, Sixtus V took stern measures to end the banditry and general lawlessness that had developed under his predecessor, who had driven many nobles to crime by seizing their property. Cardinal Francesco della Rovere, elected Pope Sixtus IV in 1471, took nepotism to a completely higher level. During the Counter Reform, Sixtus V mainly contributed to the renewal of the Church's organisation. Born a peasant, Felice Feretti matured into a severe and haughty prelate with piercing eyes, a long white beard and farsighted urban vision. The operation was carried out using hemp ropes and iron bars weighing 40,000 pounds, plus 900 men and 72 horses, and took about 5 months to complete, captivating the city's populace. The Seven Churches of Rome, with the portrait of Alexander VII . 1887. If the city of Rome was to be recognized as the spiritual center of Christianity under the pope's leadership, papal foundations needed to equal or overtake those of the fourth-century emperors. SIXTUS V (POPE) (b. Thousands of brigands were brought to justice: within a short time the country was again quiet and safe. The Fontana dell' Acqua Felice (1585-88), better known as the Fontana del Mos (Fountain of Moses), was commissioned by Pope Sixtus V (r. 1585-90) and designed by the aptly-named architect Domenico Fontana (1543-1607). Anything that didnt move was painted--under Sixtus and Paul. Warmer storms could cause problems, Hoda Kotbs enigmatic Today absence finally explained on air: Hodas OK, How strong is Dominions defamation case against Fox News? Hanging Criminals and Displaying Heads The secretariat of state was reorganized, and in January 1588 the Curias entire administrative system was overhauled. The victories of Henry and the prospect of his conversion to Catholicism raised Sixtus V's hopes, and in corresponding degree determined Philip II to tighten his grip upon his wavering ally. There are several obelisks from Egypt you can visit in . Pope Sixtus V developed a new plan for Rome, which totally organized the whole city around several key points in space, in these case are the churches or the obelisks, which relate to each other over the expanse of the city. They languished for centuries, but were restored in the 70s under Pope Paul VI. 252-254. [21] The reasoning on the latter would be that the soul of the unborn child would be denied Heaven. 1688 Medium Etching Credit Line Art History Department Fund Dimensions 10 7/8 x 17 3/8 in. High Quality Art Prints. The first Egyptian obelisk was originally shipped by Emperor Augustus in 10 BC from Heliopolis, Egypt (dedicated to Seti I/ Ramesses II) to the Circus Maximus in Rome. He had it torn down and rebuilt as part of one of the most breakneck building projects since the Caesars time. One was the Pazzi Conspiracy, an attempt by members of the Pazzi family to murder Giuliano and Lorenzo de Medici. Two thousand years ago the Romans built predominantly in the valleys between the hills of Rome. Sixtus had Cardinal William Allen draw up the An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland, a proclamation to be published in England if the invasion had been successful. Pope Sixtus V (1521-1590) - the bane of bandits and womanizers. On April 24, 1585, he was unanimously elected successor to Gregory, who had left the Papal States in chaos. Rich L.A. homeowners are snapping them up, Travis Barkers finger injury delays Blink-182 tour: One of those freak accidents, Mixed media artist Pamela Smith Hudson was told to stay in one lane. She refused, KISS announces the absolute final shows of their End of the Road farewell tour, Review: The gorgeous new movie Pacifiction will hypnotize you. They create an axis mundi acting as a vertical marker at the end of the figural voided axes connecting long distances in the city through elevation. Exploring Architecture and Landscape Architecture by Aimee Moore is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. XHTML. He also founded the Collegio Montalto in Bologna and used aqueducts to supply Rome with water. This obelisk was again relocated by Sixtus V to St. Peters Square where it is seen today. The first obelisk was installed at the front ofSaint Peters Basilicaand began a long period of reconstruction and aesthetic decisions that lasted long after his death in 1590. It's Rome's tallest bell tower at 250 feet. Rome was a place of pilgrimage . Besides numerous roads and bridges,[5] he sweetened the city air by financing the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes. "Historians believe the pontifical navy was established in the 10th century by Pope John VIII," said Catholic News Service. The Apostolic Palace covers 162,000 square meters. While these attempts made significant impacts, they were largely uncoordinated single actions when compared to the impact made by Pope Sixtus V (papacy 1585 1590). He laid out a new street plan for Rome, by cutting diagonal thoroughfares across the congested medieval center, uniting the major pilgrim churches. Also envisioned by Sixtus from this point was the extension of theStrada Felice(named for Pope Sixtus V) to thePiazza del Popoloto create converging streets instead of three; however this was not realized due to severe grade changes betweenSan Trinita dei Montiand thePorta del Popolo(see map 2). Obelisk at Piazza di Giovanni, four-pointed cross on top of the eight-pointed cross! Immense sums were spent on his huge building program, including the completion of St. Peters dome, the rebuilding of the Lateran Palace and the Vatican, revision of street plans, and the general embellishment of Rome that transformed it from a medieval to a Baroque city. 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