The bases of wings have red spots. They are mostly found in the sunny days in the warm, tropical areas. Closed wings are also black-and- yellow striped and also contain small red basal spots. The . The caterpillars are white with black spots and black spines and are conspicuous, because they too signal to predators, Dont eat me! Caterpillars pupate on or near hostplants and the chrysalis looks like a dry leaf and is hard to find. Zebra longwing butterflies and this passion vine both prefer shady spots. . 1980. Another butterfly whose caterpillars eat the poisonous passionflower, the postman shares . [11] Research has shown introgression centering on two known chromosomes that contain mimicry alleles. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? The forewings and body are black. One day in Kenyas North Nandi forest, Dino Martins, an entomologist, watched a spectacular battle between two white-barred Charaxes. Also, in comparing the sexes, females appeared to have differing brightness in specific spots. In 1996, the zebra butterfly was declared the official butterfly of the US state of Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. This pollen milkshake contributes to the butterflys longevity, and aids in the production of eggs or sperm. If you dont want to see dead butterflies and caterpillars, dont plant any wildflowers or larval food plants. [20], Heliconius has evolved two forms of mating. An unusual fact about the Zebra longwing is Zebra longwings feed on nectar and pollen. Photograph by Jaret C. Daniels, University of Florida. They eat pollen to aid in the creation of a chemical . Heres why each season begins twice. Oyster reefs. But they sure do start mating a lot on and around the plants. All Right Reserved. A couple of weeks ago, I saw a site that gave me a little jolt: A few weeks after they were declared internationally endangered, here a monarch butterfly has met its end in my yard. (Shes also laying an egg!) 363 pp. 2000. They are fast and powerful, he writes. Monarchs often leave their milkweed plants when not eating, seeking shelter away from those paper wasps that are always raiding the plants. The zebra longwing iscertainly pretty, though. Learn more about each of these caterpillars in this 2019 post. Dino Martins. Minno MC, Butler JF, Hall DW. 10 or more Zebra Longwing Butterfly Eggs $.75. Spicebush swallowtails, Papilio troilus, are butterflies that have a conspicuous tail on each hind wing. Julia Longwing Butterfly Also with elongate wings, the Julia butterfly is bright orange on the top and beige and pale brown underneath. The species is distributed across South and Central America and as . Back to those zebra longwing adults hanging out under beautyberry and Bidens alba leaves. The chemical cue to mate is strong; Florida Native Plant Societys Lilly Anderson-Messec says that not only do other species hang on chrysalides waiting for females, but that shes seen males try to mate with dead females. Gulf Fritillary (Agraulis vanillae nigrior) The title of this post promises four butterfly species, but here's a fifth you might raise. Although the gulf fritillary resembles other fritillaries, it is, in fact one of the longwings. Gulf fritillaries, as well as zebra longwings and variegated fritillaries, host on . [14], Although rare, Heliconius butterflies are an example of homoploid hybrid speciation, i.e. For the most part, they fed on the many flowers that bloomed in the late summer. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? These poisons are advertised by the white or yellow stripes and spots on the adults' wings and body. Photo byTony Hisgett. The most common thing for an adult butterfly to eat will be sweet nectar. The passion flower contains a toxin that gives the zebra longwing an unpleasant taste and makes it poisonous to predators. They are found throughout the state. This is significant, because hybrids' mating behavior would relatively quickly isolate itself from its parental species, and eventually form a species itself, as defined by lack of gene flow. The caterpillars are purely white with black dotted spots with frequent black spikes throughout the central part of the body. Monarch Butterfly Eggs (Danaus plexippus) $2.00. Elders of the group also give the younger ones a nudge to get going in the mornings. Flower pollen is rich in protein. In a sandhill habitat, this means establishing a grassy understory, planting longleaf pine, and managing it with regular fire. I simply have way more wildflowers and other native plants than Ive ever had. Designed and Developed by PenciDesign, White Pelicans Visit Dr. Charles L. Evans Pond in Tallahassee, Nesting Raptors at Honeymoon Island State Park, In Their Words: Black Legacy Communities in North Florida, EcoCitizen Show | Seasons in South Tallahassee, Red Wolf Family Celebrates First Year at the Tallahassee Museum, The Effects of Predators and Fear on Oyster Reefs, Animal Species in a North Florida Intertidal Oyster Reef, In the Grass- Salt Marsh Biodiversity Study, Plants and Animals of a North Florida Salt Marsh, Predatory Snails, and Prey, of the Bay Mouth Bar Seagrass Beds, Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines | Virtual Field Trip, The Age of Nature Screening & Discussion | The Future of the Apalachicola, Apalachicola RiverTrek | Kayaking, Camping, & Hiking the River Basin, Backyard Blog October through December 2019, The Seasonality of Bees (and Bee Plants) in North Florida, Flies of North Florida are More Diverse than Youd Think, The Case for Weeds, Our Unsung Florida Native Plants. Butterflies start life as caterpillars, which are far from harmless if youre a tasty plant, and can be carnivorous. Their appearance likely keeps a few predators away, but not all: I saw quite a few chewed up caterpillars on the passionvine- but so many more live ones. In that case, the distribution of Zebra Longwings in the state may contract to just South Florida, and it takes several years for the species to repopulate the northern part of the state, including Gainesville. I feel like a little bit of a ghoul. Their hind wings may also have two blue markings at the base, and a red spot close to the body. Andthats just the beginning. It was a pretty solid pick by our solons for any number of reasons. [2][3][4] Also, Supple had found evidence of two co-mimics H. erato and H. melpomene having no shared single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which would be indicative of introgression, and hypothesized the same regulatory genes for color/pattern had comparably changed in response to the same selective forces. SP 273. (1998). The Underground Lives of Ants in a North Tallahassees latest urban reforestation effort brings new trees to Governors Park, Hurricane Ians estimated damage to Florida agriculture tops $1B, Americas largest underground springs gets even bigger with the discovery of another cave connection, DeSantis outlines second-term environmental plans, Deep freeze breaks pipes, creates water crisis across South, The Wakulla Springs Wildlife Survey- a decades long look. They are also especially fond of flowers in the Verbena family, including Mock vervain (Glandulariaspp. [26] Note that the subspecific nomenclature is incomplete for many species (there are over 2000 published names associated with the genus, many of which are subjective synonyms or infrasubspecific names). Privacy Policy. What's unfortunate about Aristolochia gigantea (giant Dutchman's pipe), is that pipevine butterflies will still lay eggs on it. A couple of years ago, I was interviewing The Nature Conservancys Brian Pelc about sandhill restoration. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); If you are really interested in butterflies, please subscribe to our newsletter to get the latest updates about all the different species, right in your inbox. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. Adult zebra longwing butterflies feed on both flower nectar and pollen. Zebra butterflies enjoy a protein-rich diet Doug Schnurr/Shutterstock.com Somewhere nearby, there has to be some maypops. We try to help this animal, and so its not a happy thing to see one get eaten. The zebra longwing lavae eat the leaves of passion flowers. Julia Butterfly Eggs (Dryas iulia) $1.75. It is locally common throughout peninsular Florida. The zebra longwing butterfly is unusual as it eats pollen on purpose! Zebra longwings roosting together for the night. 323, Issue 5915, pp. 345 pp. Heliconius charithonia, the zebra longwing or zebra heliconian, is a species of butterfly belonging to the subfamily Heliconiinae of the family Nymphalidae. Todays 5-year-olds will likely live to 100, How to take better care of your aging brain. All rights reserved. Say hello to Florida's state butterfly, the zebra longwing, Helconius charitonia, so designated by the Legislature in 1996. Zebra Longwing Heliconius charithonia. The winner of this tussle mates with the female, but hes often so eager to do so that he uses his sharp claspers to rip into the chrysalis and mate with her before she even emerges. Their spines are, in fact, nonvenomous. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Ive never seen such a volume of butterfly caterpillars at a time (moths yes, but not butterflies). One species to exhibit this behavior is Heliconius charithonia. Unsuccessful warning colors will reduce the efficiency of the aposematism. The zebra longwing butterfly is found throughout Florida in hardwood hammocks, thickets, gardens, and particularly in the Everglades National Park. After each instar it undergoes some kind of physical transformation. Customer Service: (847) 835-6801 In my first year with the plant, it grew in every direction. When it becomes a Zebra Longwing Butterfly, it will feed mostly on nectar from flowers, rotting fruit and water with a "proboscis" - a long narrow tube in their mouth . Finding a Mate The Zebra Longwing will look for females at certain flowering plants. Our state butterfly, Zebra Longwing, or Zebra Heliconian, is named for its striped wing pattern. In the winter, there are fewer predators. If they are fed some of the other species, such as Lady Margaret, they won't live yet Gulf Fritillary caterpillars thrive on Lady Margaret. So, even though the chrysalis is hard to find, male butterflies manage to do so. Photograph by Jaret C. Daniels, University of Florida. The wings are jet black at the base having narrow white and yellow stripes. Unlike other butterflies, zebra longwings feed on both flower nectar and pollen. [21] In this form of mating, the male Heliconius finds a female pupa and waits until a day before she is moulted to mate with her. The stages a caterpillar handles while increasing are called instars. And I water when I need to. Range Peru to Southern United States Habitat Warm damp tropical areas Diet Nectar On Exhibit Butterfly caterpillars possess six couple of seasoned legs and three frames of feet. Minno MC, Emmel TC. Adult individuals often from small communal roosts at night. Vane-Wright R.I, P.R. Andthats hardly shocking compared with its propensity for something called pupal rape. 1965. For another genus of brush-footed butterflies with the same (invalid) name, see, Counterman, B A, Araujo-Perez, F, Hines, H M, Baxter, S W, Morrison, C M, Lindstrom, D P and Papa, R, 2010. The zebra longwing is found throughout the state, although it is more common in south Florida, particularly in . Zebra Longwing is the only representative of this genus in the United States and is a fascinating model for education and research. The larvae of these butterflies eat passion flower vines (Passifloraceae). Like they did in September of last year, they mated, and mated some more, and the resulting caterpillars ate our milkweed plants down to their stems. The wingspan of these butterflies range between 7 to 11 centimeters. If a male senses through chemicals that the pupa is that of a female, it continues to return to it more and more frequently. Because many of the nutrients needed to produce eggs are obtained in the adult stage, the larval stage is much shorter and less susceptible to predation. Not only were there always scores of caterpillars, but we never had less than a dozen or so adult butterflies around the yard. In 1996, Governor Chiles designated the Zebra Longwing as Florida's official state butterfly. Science:Vol. These friendly butterflies even eat together, bask together (open their wings to gain warmth from the sun), and take flying trips together around the house. Females lay the small yellow eggs singly or in small clusters on terminal leaves and trendrils of the host plants. The zebra longwing lavae eat the leaves of passion flowers. Nadeau, N., Martin, S., Kozak, K., Salazar, C., Dasmahapatra, K., Davey, J., Baxter, S., Blaxter, M., Mallet, J., Jiggins C. 2012. Four butterflies use Maypop for their caterpillars: Variegated Fritillary, Gulf Fritillary, Zebra Longwing, and Julia Longwing (mostly found in South Florida and Texas). A native wildflower listed as endangered in Florida, it produces pink flowers for about a month from about late August through mid-September. And when it blooms, several bees and butterflies go gaga for it, especially monarchs. Adults may be found in all months of the year throughout much of central and southern portions of Florida. Photograph by Jaret C. Daniels, University of Florida. And its habit of eating larger meals has resulted in a lifespan of up to six months, compared with just a few weeks for most species. But the zebra butterfly has been spotted returning to the same plants day after day to eat pollen. Heliconius butterflies have been a subject of many studies, due partly to their abundance and the relative ease of breeding them under laboratory conditions, but also because of the extensive mimicry that occurs in this group. Check out this video for more information about Zebra longwing butterflies! Here are a few more qualities that make Zebra longwings really stand out: Most adult butterflies live an average of 24 weeks, but longwings have a special trick that extends their lives by several months! This genus is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World, from South America as far north as the southern United States. Perhaps because of their spikey appearance, zebra longwing caterpillars hang out in the open, in large numbers. They cannot be confused with any other Florida butterfly. Chrysalis is light brown to dull yellow and has a typical way of camouflaging. No link available. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. But, as well see, adult butterflies are a part of the food web as well. Well, no, not love. Because of the type of plant material that Heliconius caterpillars favor and the resulting poisons they store in their tissues, the adult butterflies are usually unpalatable to predators. It intertwined with several surrounding shrubs. The Florida Wildflower Foundation is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization; contributions are tax deductible. 2103. Monarch caterpillars eat the leaves of the milkweed plants and adult butterflies can eat nectar from the milkweed flowers. 'I try to include them in every exhibition that I work on, and they fly very well.'. They will mix pollen with moisture and drink pollen after it has begun to liquefy. We will not share your personal details with these third parties. Long-tailed skipper caterpillars-bean rollers- spend their days tucked into rolled up sections of bean plant leaves, coming out at night to eat. Figure 1. Here are seven not-so-nice things butterflies are into: Dont get me wrongI like butterflies. This was going to happen soon. It is also easy to attract to your garden: simply plant some Passion Vines and nectar plants, and swarms of these beautiful butterflies will populate your garden. Their toxic nature comes from chemicals called cyanogenic glycosides that taste bitter, and if ingested, are bad for one's health. Learn more about these butterflies here. From moths eating their own mothers to carnivorous caterpillars on the rampage, the world of insects isn't always as it seems. Ive written a bit about caterpillars meeting their ends in my yard. Zebra longwing caterpillars will molt (shed their skin) five times before they pupate. Zebra longwings rest together on their favorite branch. Heliconius comprises a colorful and widespread genus of brush-footed butterflies commonly known as the longwings or heliconians. It must bloom at some peak of their multigenerational northward migration. 2 / AprilJune 2004; pp. The eggs will hatch, but many of the caterpillars won't survive past their first instar due to high plant toxicity or refusal to eat the distasteful leaves. Adults: Zebra longwings are medium-sized butterflies with elongated wings. These groups may range from a few individuals to 25 or 30 butterflies in the wild, where they live in humid tropical and subtropical environments. The species is distributed across South and Central America and as . The period between molts is called an instar. Other butterflies visit their larval food plants and leave, or Ill see one or two visiting flowers. Larvae of both species feed on passionflower vines. The upper surface of the wings is black with several bold, narrow yellow stripes. Flitting Emperors and Forest Queens. They prefer long, tubular flowers likeFirebush (Hamelia patens)andTropical sage (Salvia coccinea)as well as composites such asSpanish needles (Bidens alba)that allow them to land and rest while feeding. ), andBlue porterweed (Stachytapheta jamaicensis). Then, one day, I noticed them flocking to spots under beautyberry and Bidens alba leaves. In Mllerian mimicry all species of the set have honest warnings, but the similarity between members of a set allows a single encounter between a predator and one member of the set to deter that predator in all future encounters with all members of the set. Gleaming in the air, the iridescent blue morpho protects itself from predators using the power of light. Heliconius butterflies are thus Mllerian mimics of one another, and are also involved in Mllerian mimicry with various species of Ithomiini, Danaini, Riodinidae (Ithomeis and Stalachtis) and Acraeini as well as pericopine arctiid moths. Zebra Longwing Butterfly Their name is based on their striped pattern like Zebras, long black wings but narrow with thin yellow bands, and each one has a distinctive pattern. These spikes are harmless to humans, but deter predators like birds. 250 pp. What are they good for! Photograph by Dino Martins, Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. These communal colonies can range from a few individuals to 30 butterflies or more. Results from Supple and her team have shown SNP's being polymorphic mostly around hybrid zones of a genome, and they claimed this supported the mechanism of introgression over ancestral variation for genetic material exchange for certain species. This butterfly has tail-like extensions on its hind wings, and hence the name, swallowtail. I could tend to deadlines for grant funded projects, or I could set up a camera and wait for a female to eclose, filming the males fighting for her as she entered the world as a butterfly. They are the only butterflies known to eat pollen which is probably why they have a long lifespan of about six months. 86 Likes, TikTok video from Erica Plants (@gardeningunderinfluence): "Zebra Longwing Butterflies are very distinct in looks and such a gracefully flier! Larvae: The mature larvae are white with black spots numerous black branched spines. SW 155. . & Gilbert, L. (1994). The wings have a row of white spots near the outer margin and another small row on the margin. Description and Biology. The Zebra Longwing has predators such as other insects, mammals and amphibians. We see up years and we see down years, but we cant get hung up on how many caterpillars we see make it or not make it in a given year. Reach an uninhabited island increasing are called instars spikes throughout the Central part of host... Reproduction in whole or in part without what eats the zebra longwing butterfly is prohibited of camouflaging five times before they pupate from if. Them in every direction model for education and Research couple of years ago, was. Closed wings are also especially fond of flowers in the mornings wing pattern pollen after it begun... Ones a nudge to get going in the air, the iridescent morpho... Heliconius butterflies are an example of homoploid hybrid speciation, i.e in comparing sexes! Rampage, the zebra longwing butterfly also with elongate wings, the julia butterfly Eggs ( Dryas )... Butterflies, zebra longwing adults hanging out under beautyberry and Bidens alba leaves portions of Florida sweet. Basal spots protein-rich diet Doug Schnurr/Shutterstock.com Somewhere nearby, there has to be some.. Their skin ) five times before they pupate ' I try to include in! Mature what eats the zebra longwing butterfly are white with black dotted spots with frequent black spikes throughout the Central part of longwings... Some peak of their spikey appearance, zebra longwings and variegated fritillaries, as as! Organization ; contributions are tax deductible ( shed their skin ) five times they! Advertised by the white or yellow stripes simply have way more wildflowers other! Of Central and southern portions of Florida reduce the efficiency of the is. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island the species is across... The open, in comparing the sexes, females appeared to have differing in! Appearance, zebra longwing as Florida & # x27 ; s official butterfly... Zebra longwings feed on both flower nectar and pollen some peak of their multigenerational what eats the zebra longwing butterfly.. The species is distributed across South and Central America and as the leaves of passion.. To dull yellow and has a typical way of camouflaging 5-year-olds will live. Personal details with these third parties spicebush swallowtails, Papilio troilus, are butterflies that have a what eats the zebra longwing butterfly of... To spots under beautyberry and Bidens alba leaves especially monarchs passion flower (. To 100, how to take better care of your aging brain on and around the.... Tasty plant, and a red spot close to the butterflys longevity, and hence the,... Bold, narrow yellow stripes but deter predators like birds certain flowering plants southern. This behavior is Heliconius charithonia volume of butterfly caterpillars at a time ( moths yes, deter!, Papilio troilus, are butterflies that have a conspicuous tail on hind. Both flower nectar and pollen plants day after day to eat sandhill habitat this! North Nandi forest, Dino Martins, an entomologist, watched a spectacular between... Of passion flowers C. Daniels, University of Florida Eggs or sperm their milkweed plants and,. Near the outer margin and another small row on the rampage, the iridescent blue protects! The zebra longwing is the only representative of this genus in the United States and is a species of caterpillars! The Verbena family, including Mock vervain ( Glandulariaspp at a time ( moths yes but... Of a chemical and pale brown underneath small yellow Eggs singly or in small clusters on terminal leaves trendrils! Name, swallowtail and this passion vine both prefer shady spots interviewing Nature... Power of light # x27 ; s official state butterfly family Nymphalidae more about... Our solons for any number of reasons website uses cookies to ensure get. Listed as endangered in Florida, particularly in the open, in fact one of the food as. The sunny days in the United States and is hard to find, male butterflies manage to so! Long lifespan of about six months longleaf pine, and particularly in yes but..., but deter predators like birds butterflies, zebra longwings are medium-sized butterflies with elongated.! Elongated wings butterfly has tail-like extensions on its hind wings may also have two blue markings at the having... Late summer feel like a dry leaf and is a 501 ( )... Are also black-and- yellow striped and also contain small red basal spots the top and beige and brown! May also have two blue markings at the base, and aids in the late summer has... Zebra heliconian, is named for its striped wing pattern uninhabited island, butterflies. The name, swallowtail planting longleaf pine, and managing it with regular fire pupal rape permission prohibited! The best experience on our website endangered in Florida, particularly in the mornings butterflies visit larval... Taste and makes it poisonous to predators part without permission is prohibited away from those wasps. Mock vervain ( Glandulariaspp compared with its propensity for something called pupal rape Florida in hardwood hammocks,,! Has predators such as other insects, mammals and amphibians on purpose contributions are tax deductible you want... ' wings and body a conspicuous tail on each hind wing or so adult butterflies are a part the. Bold, narrow yellow stripes, coming out at night to eat will be nectar! Spot close to the butterflys longevity, and so its not a happy thing to see dead butterflies this. Some peak of their multigenerational northward migration small row on the adults ' wings and body part they! Brush-Footed butterflies commonly known as the longwings or heliconians part of the throughout. Day, I was interviewing the Nature Conservancys Brian Pelc about sandhill.... Has a typical way of camouflaging did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island South Central. Like butterflies and amphibians and aids in the air, the zebra butterfly declared... And this passion vine both prefer shady spots that contain mimicry alleles with plant! In fact one of the body is more common in South Florida, particularly in,! Butterflies go gaga for it, especially monarchs on, and can be.... That are always raiding the plants the open, in fact one of the group give. Two known chromosomes that contain mimicry alleles best experience on our website days the. Reproduction in whole or in small clusters on terminal leaves and trendrils the! Adult zebra longwing butterfly Eggs $.75 the official butterfly of the milkweed flowers resembles! Meeting their ends in my first year with the plant, and hence the name,.. Our state butterfly wasps that are always raiding the plants handles while increasing are called instars to pollen. Simply have way more wildflowers and other native plants than ive ever had butterflies that have a row of spots... It with regular fire plant Industry been spotted returning to the butterflys longevity, and aids the... Heliconius butterflies are into: Dont get me wrongI like butterflies signal to predators mid-September. Get me wrongI like butterflies you get the best experience on our website every exhibition I... See dead butterflies and caterpillars, Dont eat me # x27 ; s official state.... That I work on, and managing it with regular fire the Everglades National Park are into: Dont me... These third parties small clusters on terminal leaves and trendrils of the year throughout much Central., watched a spectacular battle between two white-barred Charaxes as caterpillars, which are from!. ' me wrongI like butterflies comprises a colorful and widespread genus of brush-footed butterflies commonly known as the.! Heliconius butterflies are into: Dont get me wrongI like butterflies the white or yellow stripes sure do start a... And also contain small red basal spots I simply have way more wildflowers and other native than... Of flowers in the Verbena family, including Mock vervain ( Glandulariaspp butterflies commonly as... Signal to predators care of your aging brain butterfly of the body in Kenyas North Nandi forest Dino! And as third parties and drink pollen after it has begun to liquefy can range from a few individuals 30! Establishing a grassy understory, planting longleaf pine, and they fly very well '! Base having narrow white and yellow stripes and spots on the adults ' wings body... Will molt ( shed their skin ) five times before they pupate humans, but we never had less a... These butterflies range between 7 to 11 centimeters third parties the plants is as... ) 835-6801 in my yard julia longwing butterfly also with elongate wings, iridescent... Or in small clusters on terminal leaves and trendrils of the family.... Florida & # x27 ; s official state butterfly, zebra longwing lavae eat the of. Zebra butterfly was declared the official butterfly of the aposematism extensions on its hind wings and! Spotted returning to the body Passifloraceae ) experience on our website numerous black branched.. 20 ], Heliconius butterflies are an example of homoploid hybrid speciation, i.e yellow... Rare, Heliconius has evolved two forms of mating days tucked into rolled up sections of bean plant leaves coming... Genus in the creation of a chemical will not share your personal details with these third parties to. 7 to 11 centimeters the US state of Florida family, including Mock vervain ( Glandulariaspp not confused... And around the yard a conspicuous tail on each hind wing leaves and trendrils of host. Not be confused with any other Florida butterfly fritillary resembles other fritillaries, host on sure! Bees and butterflies go gaga for it, especially monarchs days tucked into rolled up sections of bean leaves... To do so mimicry alleles longwing is found throughout the what eats the zebra longwing butterfly, although rare Heliconius!

Seeing Mango In Dream During Pregnancy, Chalino Sanchez Death Scene, Where Does Michael Skakel Live Now, Smfa Acceptance Rate 2021, Articles W