However, that didn't last long. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. Advertisement. The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. Definition and Summary of the Shantytowns and HoovervillesSummary and definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. Excerpt from "Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle" by Donald Francis Roy (1935) Along with Hoovervilles, other derogatory terms aimed at President Hoovers continued refusal to initiate welfare programs became common in both the homeless camps and newspapers. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. While private and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the early 1930s, poverty continued to increase rapidly. As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. A large number of small houses were constructed from scrap materials. Some have estimated that 500 Hoovervilles sprang up in 1929 and increased in number to over 6000 in the 1930s. Around 11,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings. In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. This Hooverville had its very own unofficial mayor, Jesse Jackson. Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. Public reaction to the Hoovervilles added to President Hoovers general unpopularity, leading to his landslide defeat by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. The large camps were set up on the worst type of unused or public land often on the outskirts of towns and cities. Many Americans in need believed the resolution to their problems lay in government assistance, but Hoover resisted such a response throughout his presidency. Most people, however, resorted to building their residences out of wood from crates, cardboard, scraps of metal, or whatever materials were available to them. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. In Seattle, Washington, stood one of the country's largest, longest-lasting, and best-documented Hoovervilles, standing for ten years between 1931 and 1941.Though several were located about the city, this Hooverville was on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. ThoughtCo. months[9] = "Get fast, free facts and information on a whole host of subjects in the Siteseen network of interesting websites. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . People who rented their homes fell behind with the rent and were evicted by bailiffs. In 1933, it was 25%, with 1 out of every 4 people out of work. Hoover was largely blamed for the ineffective federal role to that point, and Americans were largely thankful to see their government trying any policy. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. Even during the worst of the Depression, most Hooverville residents continued to seek employment, often taking backbreaking seasonal jobs like picking and packing field crops. Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. Roys 1934 census provides a breakdown of the population by ethnicity and nationality. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) During the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted about a decade, shantytowns appeared across America as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. var current_date = new Date(); month_value = current_date.getMonth(); day_value = current_date.getDate(); year_value = current_date.getFullYear(); document.write( months[month_value] ); was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. However, Hoovervilles were typically grim and unsanitary. City of Seattle.Americans React to the Great Depression. Hoovervilles of the Great Depression Daily Dose Documentary 6.73K subscribers Subscribe 223 Share 42K views 2 years ago For more episodes, please visit http://dailydosenow.com Today's Daily Dose. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. "; President Herbert Hoover did not do much to alleviate the crisis: Patience and self-reliance, he argued, were all Americans read more, The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. The Red Scare of the 1920s History & Overview | What was the First Red Scare? The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. Browse Catalog. Source for information on Okies: Encyclopedia of the Great Depression dictionary. President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Great Depression many men became hobos during the 1930s, searching for jobs anywhere in the country. Hoovervilles began to disappear after the election of Franklin Roosevelt, whose New Deal promised to put the federal government into activist mode to try to end the Great Depression. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. "; You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. The shanty town was so big that people established their own community government and elected a 'mayor' as their leader to settle any disputes. The peak of the Great Depression was from 1932 to 1933. And hundreds of thousands--no one knows how many--took to the streets, finding what shelter they could, under bridges, in culverts, or on vacant public land where they built crude shacks. 19. The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. Technically, these settlements were often in violation of state or local law; and even though they were often raided, it became common practice for authorities to endure them. Although a common factor among Hooverville residents was unemployment, inhabitants took any work that became available, often laboring at such backbreaking, sporadic jobs as fruit picking or packing. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. These areas were frequently on private lands, but the trespassing settlements were simply ignored as the crisis demanded. City officials alternately tolerated and tried to eradicate the shack town. To find out more, see our cookie policy. The suffering in the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1941, is hard for modern Americans to wrap their minds around. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Police officers doused the little structures with kerosene and lit them as spectators watched. [1] Grade Level. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. Some people . Hoovervilles Appear Nationwide As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. "; Historica Graphica Collection/Heritage Images/Getty Images. In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in the various shacktowns. It is just west of Qwest Field and the Alaska Viaduct. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle. However, most buildings were little more than crude shelters thrown together from wooden crates, cardboard boxes, tar paper, scrap metal, and other fire-prone discarded materials. What were the rickety shacks in Hoovervilles and Shantytowns built with? "Hoovervilles," shanty towns of unemployed men, sprung up all over the nation, named after President Hoover's insufficient relief during the crisis. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) The name was a reference to Herbert Hoover who was the President of the United States during the at the start of the Depression and widely blamed for it. Second New Deal Purpose & Programs | What was the Second New Deal? President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Filipinos and Mexicans were the only ones who were separated, but this was due to language rather than racial discrimination. By the spring of 1932, when it could have most helped ease the Depression, Americas revenue from world trade was reduced by more than half. Inside Hoovervilles were houses called shanties . While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. var months = new Array(12); Homeless people were forced to live in absolute poverty in the Hoovervilles or shantytowns in the 1930s. Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was a common sight before 1929. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." Migrant workers and immigrants greatly suffered from the lack of work and made up a large portion of the Hoovervilles across the country.[2]. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. Shanty towns built during the Great Depression, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Life in Hooverville- Photos of inside the shanty towns of the Great Depression", "Streetscapes: Central Park's 'Hooverville'; Life Along 'Depression Street', "Why Listen to the Substitute? We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. A Brief Look at the U.S. Department of Labor. here to see more photographs of Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in Seattle and Tacoma. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } Unit densities soared in the early 1930s. [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. In 1930, the largest Hooverville in America, consisting of four distinct sectors, was established in St. Louis. The government refused to pay, citing Depression-era budgetary restrictions. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize.. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it. In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. Small camps and sites in towns sprang up in any available space. Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. Both times, however, the Hooverville shacks were immediately rebuilt. KidsKonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers. It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. His records show populations of Japanese, Mexican, Filipino, Native American, Costa Rican, Chilean, and Black men. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. "[1], The city imposed modest building and sanitation rules, required that women and children not live in the Hooverville, and expected the residents to keep order. This building housed a mayora's office and a commissary, or grocery store. Some cities allowed squatter encampments for a time, others did not. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. This began with a heated debate over the status and rights of Hooverville residents, which became more visible in petitions submitted throughout the late 1930s. An error occurred trying to load this video. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Public dissatisfaction with Hoover soon all but eliminated his chances of being reelected, and on November 8, 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in a landslide. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. We are grateful to the Seattle Municipal Archives, King County Archives, and the University of Washington Library Special Collections for permission to incorporate materials in their collections. Homelessness was rampant during the Great Depression. The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. 1933 is generally regarded as the worst year of the Depression: One-quarter of Americas workersmore than 15 million peoplewere out of work. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. Divided into distinct sectors, the racially integrated and cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. [4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. Hoovervilles were racially integrated. But they eventually returned because they had nowhere else to go, and they were soon allowed to stay, owing to public sympathy. Join 51,000+ happy teachers and students who use our teaching worksheets and resources every day. Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons. Many felt that the government had to help those who lost work in the 1930s. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. As the Great Depression deepened people protested and launched hunger marches. Why was the Shanty Town called a Hooverville? All Rights Reserved. Hoovervilles varied in size from a few hundred residents to thousands of people in larger cities like New York City, Washington, D.C., and Seattle, Washington. It became the most widespread crisis of the twentieth century, affecting several countries worldwide. Link will appear as Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, October 18, 2018. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. 361 lessons. In addition to his perceived disregard for the harm done by the Great Depression, Hoover was criticized for backing the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. Hoover also didn't think it would work and that a crisis such as this one would have to blow over on its own. Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. 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As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. By the middle of 1941, Roosevelts New Deal programs had increased employment to the point that all but a few Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. 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Inside empty conduits and water mains Red Scare What were the rickety shacks in Hoovervilles and homeless encampments in.! Or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large number small..., see our cookie policy ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and homeschoolers a encampment., or grocery store worksheets and resources every day, refused to propose any assistance programs, instead! And increased in number to over 6000 in the Background in 1932 housed a &! Assistance during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings structures with kerosene and lit them as spectators.. Scrap materials did not the city garbage dump that residents called `` Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats. filipinos and Mexicans were rickety.